Yearly Archives: 2014

New focus issue: Advanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors

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Peter Shawhan and Marie-Anne Bizouard

Peter Shawhan is an Associate Professor of Physics at the University of Maryland, USA. His primary research area is in the analysis of data from gravitational wave detectors and connections with astrophysical events.
Marie-Anne Bizouard is a research fellow at CNRS, Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Orsay, France. She is an experimental physicist working on gravitational wave searches with ground based interferometric detectors.

The quest to detect gravitational waves directly has seen great advances over the past five decades, with the earlier resonant “bar” detectors being surpassed in sensitivity by large laser interferometers in the last decade.  The first generation of interferometric detectors proved the viability of the approach, progressively improving sensing and control techniques and running up against the fundamental limitations of their designs.  Along the way, many searches for gravitational wave signals were carried out and published, but none achieved the milestone of detecting a clear gravitational-wave signal.

All of that is about to change.  The lessons learned from the first full-scale interferometric detectors fed into the design of advanced detectors which are now being constructed and commissioned and will soon begin collecting data.  Higher laser power, Continue reading →

Memory at a distance

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Jeff Winicour

The author, overshadowed by nature in the Muir Woods on the California coast.
Jeff Winicour is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Pittsburgh

Can the supertranslation symmetry of radiating spacetimes affect angular momentum loss?

That was the question on my mind when I went to a workshop at Berkeley, California last winter. I knew that the supertranslations were a global aspect of the gravitational memory effect, which produces a net displacement between particles after passage of a gravitational wave. What I didn’t know, and learned from David Garfinkle at Berkeley, was that there was an electromagnetic analog of radiation memory, which produces a momentum kick on test charges after passage of a wave. Surprisingly, this result has apparently gone unnoticed in Continue reading →

New focus issue: Entanglement and quantum gravity

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Eugenio Bianchi and Carlo Rovelli

Eugenio Bianchi (left) is an assistant professor at Pennsylvania State University and Carlo Rovelli (right) is a professor at Aix-Marseille University at the Centre de Physique Theorique de Luminy

Quantum gravity alone is not the only major theoretical open problem in fundamental physics: gravity, quantum theory and thermodynamics form a triple, whose full interconnections we have definitely not yet understood. As soon as quantum effects appear in a curved spacetime, thermal aspects appear to be unavoidable. Combining thermodynamics and (full) gravity might turn out to be even more crucial than understanding the quantum aspects of the gravitational field alone. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that entanglement entropy is a central ingredient for the synthesis we are seeking. Continue reading →

Cosmic magnification expanded

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Obinna Umeh

Dr Obinna Umeh is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of the Western Cape in Cape Town, supported by the Square Kilometre Array project in South Africa

The accurate determination of cosmological distances is the most important probe in cosmology. Observations of type Ia supernovae imply dark energy exists because we know the relation between the distance of an object and its redshift – this changes with the relative amount of matter to dark energy, for example. But intervening matter between the supernovae and us cause fluctuations in this relationship. To a first approximation this is just normal gravitational lensing, an integrated contribution from the wobbly path the light takes to us.

Is this an accurate enough picture? Maybe at the moment, but not Continue reading →

The new CQG Highlights of 2013-14

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Ben Sheard

Ben Sheard is the publishing editor of Classical and Quantum Gravity

It is my pleasure to present the CQG Highlights of 2013-14. The Highlights articles are chosen by the Editorial Board as a selection of some of the best work published in the journal, based on criteria of interest, significance and novelty.

The articles span the whole of CQG’s subject scope and include focus issue articles and topical reviews in addition to regular papers. All of the Highlights articles are free to download until the end of 2015.

As part of the promotion of the Highlights we produce an annual Highlights brochure which contains further information about journal activity including forthcoming special issues and prize Continue reading →

Towards quantum asymptotic flatness

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Miguel and Madhavan

Miguel, a postdoc at the Raman Research Institute (RRI), enjoying a traditional south Indian dish: masala dosa.
Madhavan (professor at RRI) not enjoying traditional South American drink: mate.

It is of great physical interest to construct a canonical quantization of asymptotically flat spacetimes. The classical phase space variables are subject to delicate boundary conditions at spatial infinity and the first challenge is to construct a quantum kinematics which carries an imprint of these boundary conditions.

This work is one of a series of papers which seeks to construct such a Continue reading →

New hair on black rings

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Simon Ross

Simon Ross is a professor in the department of mathematical sciences at Durham University, and a member of the university’s Centre for Particle Theory.

Relating different charge densities gives black rings with non-trivial profiles with smooth horizons.

There is a rich space of solutions in five-dimensional supergravity, including smooth horizonless supertube solutions and black ring solutions. Supertubes can have arbitrary profiles, and varying charge densities along the profile, but previously-known black ring solutions required a constant charge density along the ring to have a smooth horizon.

Recently, we discovered a new kind of supersymmetric horizonless object which generalizes the supertube, which we dubbed the magnetube. They carry coordinated electric charge densities with Continue reading →

Three-dimensional massive gravity and AdS/CFT

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Alasdair Routh and Wout Merbis

Alasdair Routh (left) is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge. Wout Merbis (right) is a Ph.D. student at the Centre for Theoretical Physics of the University of Groningen.

Einstein’s gravitational field equations, which relate the geometry of spacetime to the matter in it, can also be applied to a spacetime of three dimensions (3D) but in this case the matter completely determines the geometry, so there is no “room” for gravitational waves: gravitons in the quantum theory. However, in 3D there is a simple extension of Einstein’s second-order equations to the third-order equations of “Topologically-Massive Gravity” (TMG), which propagates a single massive spin-2 mode; i.e. a massive graviton.

In the context of asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) space times, both 3D Einstein gravity and TMG are potentially semi-classical approximations to some consistent 3D quantum gravity theory defined, via the AdS/CFT correspondence, in terms of a 2D conformal field theory (CFT). However, Continue reading →

Noisy surface charges on gravitational wave detector optics

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Paul Campsie

Paul Campsie completed his Ph.D. in the Institute for Gravitational Research at the University of Glasgow. He now works as a Product & Test Engineer for Freescale Semiconductor.

A direct measurement of the fluctuating force noise created by surface charge on dielectrics

It has been known that future interferometric gravitational wave detectors could have their low frequency sensitivity limited by excess surface charges on the detector optics. Though it is suspected that the limiting effects of this noise source have been observed in initial detectors, this was never directly verified because there was no measurement of the charge on the optic.

In our recent CQG article we present a direct measurement of the fluctuating force noise created by excess surface charges (charging noise) on a dielectric. This measurement is Continue reading →

Video: A look at the Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

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James DACEY

James Dacey is multimedia projects editor for Physics World

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) promises to usher in a new era in radio astronomy. Astronomers will use the telescope to probe the early universe by looking as far back in time as the first 100 million years after the Big Bang. It will also be employed to search for life and planets, as well as to study the nature of dark energy, and to examine theories of gravity and general relativity.

I recently travelled to the global headquarters of the SKA Organisation at the Jodrell Bank observatory in the north of England, along with a small film crew. We met scientists and engineers involved with the SKA, and we produced this short film about what the project is designed to achieve. The video takes you on a tour of the sites in Australia and southern Africa that will host the SKA, featuring artists’ impressions of the impressive telescope equipment.

It was inspiring to hear the SKA representatives talk about the unprecedented scale of the project and the range of scientific fields that stand to benefit from the new tool. But it was also interesting to learn about the economic and social considerations that underpin a scientific project of such vast scale. The hope is that it can inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers in Australia and the African continent.

We produced the film in connection with the July issue of Physics World, a special issue devoted to dark matter and dark energy. Physics World is published by the Institute of Physics, which also publishes CQG and CQG+.